Sepsis and Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs. The infection can be only in one lung, or it can be in both. There are several causes of pneumonia but the most common are:

Left untreated, the infection can be deadly. In the days before antibiotics, it’s estimated that about one-third of those who developed bacterial pneumonia died.

Sepsis and septic shock can result from an infection anywhere in the body, including pneumonia. Pneumonia can be community-acquired, meaning someone develops pneumonia outside of the hospital. Pneumonia can also develop in a hospital or other healthcare facility, caused by a healthcare-associated infection (HAI). HAIs affect 1.7 million hospitalizations in the United States every year. An HAI is an infection contracted by people who are in the hospital for a different reason, such as surgery or treatment for another illness.

Sepsis, which was often called blood poisoning, is the body’s life-threatening response to infection. Like strokes or heart attacks, sepsis is a medical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment.

Suggested Citation:
Sepsis Alliance. Sepsis and Pneumonia. 2024. https://www.sepsis.org/sepsisand/pneumonia/

Updated January 5, 2024.

 

Funding for this campaign was provided by unrestricted support from Dompé.

More About Pneumonia

Symptoms

Some people can have pneumonia and not know it, but the most common signs and symptoms are:

  • Fever
  • Cough, with phlegm
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating
  • Shaking chills
  • Headache
  • Muscle pain
  • Fatigue
  • Chest pain with breathing

You do not have to have all these symptoms to have pneumonia. You may have heard the term “walking pneumonia.” It’s not an official medical term, but it usually means that it is a mild case, producing milder, slower-to-develop symptoms.

Risk Factors

While anyone can develop pneumonia, some people are at higher risk than others. These include those who:

  • Are older
  • Are very young
  • Recently had a cold, influenza, or COVID-19
  • Smoke
  • Have a respiratory illness, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Were or are exposed to certain inhaled toxins
  • Recently had surgery
  • Are in an intensive care unit
  • Are malnourished
Treatment

Pneumonia treatment depends on the type of infection you have.

Bacterial

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. The type of antibiotic your doctor would choose depends on the bacteria causing the infection. If you have a prescription for antibiotics, you should finish all the medication, even if you start to feel better. You will begin to feel more like yourself before the infection is completely gone. If you stop the medications before the infection disappears, you could get a more serious pneumonia that can’t be treated as easily.

Viral

Viral pneumonia does not respond to antibiotics; they will not do any good. In general, there isn’t much that can be done for viral pneumonia other than advising that you rest and take in plenty of fluids to stay hydrated. In some cases, doctors may prescribe an anti-viral medication.

Fungal

Medications called anti-fungals treat fungal pneumonia.

Prevention

Sometimes we can prevent pneumonia. If you will have general anesthetic for  surgery, you could be at risk for developing a bacterial pneumonia. To lower the risk, you will be encouraged to get up and out of bed after the procedure, even if you may not feel up to it. If you can’t get up and move around, you will be encouraged to breathe deeply and cough on a regular basis. This is to help keep your lungs clear. You might be given a device called an incentive spirometer. This small device encourages you to take deep breaths, to expand your lungs.

There is a vaccine that can help prevent pneumococcal pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The CDC recommends that all adults over 65 and adults over 18 with certain risk factors receive the vaccine.

There is also a vaccine for children to decrease their risk of developing one of four types of infections, including pneumonia:

  • Meningitis (infection in the brain)
  • Bacteremia (infection in the blood)
  • Otitis media (infection in the middle ear)
  • Pneumonia

Related Resources

Information Guide

LA SEPSIS Y LA NEUMONÍA

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Information Guide

Pneumonia

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Emma Moss

I felt completely fine in the lead up to my diagnosis. Monday night I woke up with a pain that I can’t fully describe but I knew something was wrong and that I needed to go to the hospital. I got up and got dressed but felt too weak to go so I lay back down. After a while I woke my partner, who then brought me to hospital. Once there I did some blood tests and x-rays which came back clear so I was sent home with a high fever and a viral infection. (Sepsis and Viral Infections) The ... Read Full Story

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Mason D.

At 5 weeks old Mason got pneumonia and then developed sepsis. He spent 3 weeks in Children’s Hospital requiring a blood transfusion, breathing tube, feeding tube, and a central line. He miraculously pulled through and was released on day 22. He is now 7 and thriving! (Sepsis and Pneumonia, Sepsis and Children) Read Full Story

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Dennis P.

I was at my son’s house in Texas in October of 21 and got into fire ants. They bothered me for a couple weeks then mostly got better. I got back to our home in Florida and mostly got over it but some friends came down from out of state and we went surf fishing. I started feeling worse and worse for several weeks. My nurse practitioner was moving to another town and said I had to have a Covid test to come in. In other words leave me alone. We went out for dinner with friends January 8th and ... Read Full Story

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Francisco Tienda

I went in for a meniscus repair on 10/ 1/2020.. At post op appointment on 10/9/21 I woke up with fluid coming out of incisions. Doctor said to apply a bandaid, ice and elevate. The pain/drainage got worse. (Sepsis and Surgery) My daughter rushed me to the hospital on 10/23/21.; infection in the joint and in blood. I went into multi-organ failure and was put into an induced coma. Within 24 hours the doctors thought I would die. I was in a coma for 10 days. Spent 45 days in hospital got out on November 30,2020, My wife found new ... Read Full Story

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Tessa Marie Clagg

The morning of February 3, 2020, I woke up to a message from my daughter asking me to bring her medicine and an inhaler. That was a Monday. Wednesday she went to the hospital, they put in an IV. She freaked out saying she couldn’t breath and they were trying to kill her and she left against medical advice. However, they was able to confirm she had influenza b. (Sepsis and Influenza) I arrived at her home right after she did. She was very pale and grey. She begged me not to leave. Of course I didn’t. We tried multiple ... Read Full Story

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Pneumonia